Pediatric complete pulmonary vein ectopic connection

Pediatric complete pulmonary vein ectopic connection refers to all pulmonary veins directly or through the body veins to the right atrium, accounting for 1.5% to 2.6% of all cardiovascular malformations. The pulmonary veins are normally connected to the left atrium. Complete pulmonary vein ectopic connection (TAPVC) is a rare cyanotic congenital heart disease, which accounts for about 1.5% to 3% of the incidence of congenital heart disease. Most of them exist as individual deformities, and a small number of them are combined with other complex congenital heart diseases. Without surgery, 75% of children die within 1 year of age. One or several pulmonary veins, but not all of them, are connected to the right atrium directly or through a systemic vein, called partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC).