birthmark
Introduction
Introduction to birthmarks Birthmarks can generally be divided into pigmentary and vascular types. Common pigment types include Ota, congenital pigmented nevus, coffee spots, etc.; vascular types include port wine stains and strawberry-like hemangioma. Birthmarks can be found at birth or gradually after a few months of birth. The birth rate of newborns is about 10%, which is very common. Most birthmarks only affect the appearance and do not require special treatment. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 10% (the birth rate of newborns is about 10%) Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: skin cancer malignant melanoma hemangioma
Cause
Birthmark cause
Lack of trace elements (25%):
Congenital birthmarks are caused by trace elements such as zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium in human serum and a serious deficiency of phenylalanine and tyrosine. The irritation of the affected area is also one of the important factors in the development of birthmarks. Therefore, women should also pay attention to the diet during pregnancy.
Deposition of melanin (35%):
Melanin is produced by melanocytes and is the main cause of skin color change. The production of true melanin depends on the supply of tyrosine, oxygen, tyrosinase activity and the amount of melanosome produced, thus inducing birthmarks.
Pathogenesis
Histopathological examination showed that the dermis, especially the melanocytes filled with melanin particles in the lower part of the dermis, its dendrites were significantly elongated and thinned, often in the form of microwaves, which were roughly parallel to the leather surface and widely spread between the bundles of collagen fibers. The melanin particles contained a positive DOPA reaction, indicating that it is not a melanocyte in the dermis. These melanocytes contain numerous melaninated melanosomes under electron microscope.
Prevention
Birthmark prevention
There is no effective preventive measure for this disease. Early detection and early diagnosis are the key to the prevention and treatment of this disease. The fetus should be closely observed and recorded. Regularly go to the hospital for review. When the tumor grows rapidly in a short period of time, the color changes, and spreads to surrounding tissues and organs, it should be treated immediately.
Complication
Birthmark complications Complications skin cancer malignant melanoma hemangioma
More than 90% of patients with red birthmarks have liver, gastrointestinal and other organs associated with polyps such as polyps.
Symptom
Fetal birth symptoms common symptoms reticular pigmentation spotted coffee spot port wine stains
Pigmentation spots are almost always limited to the lumbosacral and buttocks, occasionally on the side of the thigh or even the shoulders, grayish blue, blue or blue-black, round, oval or irregular, the edges are not very obvious, the diameter can be counted from only From millimeters to more than ten centimeters, mostly single hair, occasionally multiple hairs, except for pigment changes in the affected area, without any abnormalities, the skin lines are also normal, the fetus is there, deepened after a period of life, afterwards, the color gradually turns lighter, often 5 to 7 years old self-resolved without leaving traces, even lasting in adulthood or even expanding.
Examine
Birthmark inspection
Histopathological examination is feasible when necessary.
Histopathological examination: Skin histopathological changes can sometimes assist in clinically confirming the diagnosis. Since the skin is located on the body surface, the biopsy operation is relatively simple, and the skin histopathological examination can be used as an important means of auxiliary diagnosis. However, sometimes histological changes are non-specific, and for a definitive diagnosis, repeated biopsies are required for pathological examination.
Diagnosis
Birthmark diagnosis
diagnosis
According to the appearance of characteristic lesions and specific disease progression after birth, it is generally not difficult to diagnose.
Differential diagnosis
1. Blue scorpion: the general blue ochre is deep, the boundary is quite clear, and the small dome-shaped nodules; the cellular blue scorpion is a large nodule or plaque, which is slightly raised on the leather surface, and is also born at birth. It can be initiated in early childhood and may be associated with sputum or malignant transformation.
2. Ota : often grow on the face, the lesions are often mottled, mixed with brown and blue spots.
