Intestinal vasoactive peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) consists of 28 amino acids and is mainly released by intestinal neurons. It is also present in the central nervous system in large numbers and is an important brain-gut peptide. There are also many VIP energy nerve fibers in the pancreas. Both fat meal and vagus nerve stimulation can cause VIP release. In addition, intestinal ischemia can also stimulate its release. It has a wide range of biological activities, such as expanding the heart, brain, and liver blood vessels, regulating cerebral blood flow, reducing pulmonary arterial pressure, lowering blood pressure, relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, regulating central body temperature, sleep, and stimulating prolactin release. The main role in the digestive system is to relax the intestinal smooth muscle and relax the lower esophageal sphincter, Oddi sphincter, intestinal smooth muscle, and internal anal sphincter.