Ventricular septal defect repair

Ventricular septal defects can coexist with other congenital heart malformations, such as large vessel translocation, tetralogy of Fallot, complete atrioventricular commissure, etc. Simple ventricular septal defects can be divided into four categories based on the anatomy of the defect [Figure 1]: 1. Defects above the diaphragm or (pulmonary artery) 2. Defects high or in the membrane 3. Defects of the atrioventricular canal or septum 4. Muscle defects Ventricular septal defects often cause prolapse with aortic valve prolapse and insufficiency or right ventricular outflow Complicated tract stenosis, sometimes combined with deformities such as open ductus, atrial septal defect, and pulmonary valve stenosis.