Abnormal heart structure

Heart-basic structure The surface of the heart is near the base of the heart, with a horizontal coronary sulcus that surrounds the heart almost once, interrupted only by the front of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Above the sulcus is the left and right atrium, and below the sulcus is the left and right ventricle. There is a longitudinal shallow groove on the front and back (lower) sides of the ventricle, which extends from the coronary groove to the apex slightly to the right of the heart structure. They are called anterior and posterior ventricular grooves, which are the surface boundaries of the left and right ventricles. The normal positional relationship of the left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle shows a slight right-to-left twisting phenomenon, that is, the right heart is biased to the upper right front and the left heart is biased to the lower left rear. The heart is a hollow muscular organ with four cavities: the posterior upper part is the left atrium and the right atrium, separated by the interatrial septum; the anterior lower part is the left ventricle and the right ventricle, and the interval is separated by the ventricle. Under normal circumstances, due to the separation of the atrioventricular and ventricular septum, the left half heart and the right half heart do not communicate directly, but each atrium can lead to the same ventricle through the atrioventricular opening. The wall of the right atrium is thin. According to the direction of blood flow, the right atrium has three entrances and one exit. The entrance is the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. The coronary sinus ostium is the main entrance to the heart wall for venous blood. The exit is the right atrioventricular opening, through which the right atrium leads to the right ventricle. The oval depression in the lower part of the posterior compartment is called the oval fossa, which is the remnant of the oval hole that connects the left and right atria during the embryonic period. The part of the upper right atrium protruding leftward is called the right atrial appendage. There are two entrances to the right ventricle, and the entrance is the right atrioventricular opening. Three leaflet valves are attached to its periphery, which is called the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). According to the position, the anterior, posterior, and septal flaps are called. The valve is perpendicular to the ventricle and is connected to the papillary muscles on the ventricular wall by many threadlike chordae. The outlet is called the pulmonary artery port, and there are three half-moon shaped valves on its periphery, called the pulmonary artery valve. The left atrium forms the majority of the heart, with four entrances and one exit. On both sides of the posterior wall of the left atrium, there are a pair of pulmonary vein openings, which are the entrances of the left and right pulmonary veins; The front part of the left atrium that protrudes to the right is called the left atrial appendage. There are two exits in the left ventricle. The entrance is the left atrioventricular port, and the left atrium valve (mitral valve) is attached to the periphery. The anterior and posterior valves are called according to their position. The exit is the aortic port, which is located at the upper right front of the left atrioventricular port, with a semilunar aortic valve attached to the periphery. Heart structural abnormalities are common in hypertension, uremia, electrolyte metabolism disorders and acidosis, renal anemia, arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerosis, etc.