Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

1. Pleural disease: spontaneous pneumothorax, hemothorax, empyema, chylothorax, pleural effusion caused by pleural tumors, etc. 2. Pulmonary disease: resection of lung cysts, peripheral small pulmonary nodules, stage I lung cancer, etc. 3. Esophageal diseases: esophageal leiomyoma, esophageal cancer, achalasia, etc. 4. Mediastinal disease; Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis, mediastinal tumors, and cystectomy. 5. Cardiovascular diseases; window drainage and drainage of pericardial effusion, end-clamping of arterial ducts, repair of ventricular septal defect in coronary artery bypass grafting, etc. 6. Other: foreign body removal